Introduction to PIC16F84A microcontroller 2023

PIC16F84A Microcontroller Introduction

The PIC16F84A is a popular 8-bit microcontroller manufactured by Microchip Technology, which is now part of Microchip Technology Inc. It's part of the PIC (Peripheral Interface Controller) family, known for its ease of use, low cost, and versatility. The PIC16F84A is often used in a variety of embedded systems and projects, thanks to its simplicity and reliability.

Learn about PIC Microcontroller

A PIC microcontroller is a type of microcontroller chip that is part of the PIC (Programmable Integrated Circuit) family developed by Microchip Technology Inc. PIC microcontrollers are widely used in various embedded systems and electronic devices because of their affordability, versatility, and ease of use.

Features of PIC microcontrollers include:

• RISC Architecture: PIC microcontrollers typically use a Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) architecture, which simplifies the instruction set, making them efficient and easy to program.
• Flash Memory: They often have onboard flash memory for program storage, allowing users to reprogram the microcontroller with new firmware.
• Peripheral Integration: PIC microcontrollers come with a wide range of integrated peripherals, such as analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), timers, pulse-width modulation (PWM) modules, communication interfaces (UART, SPI, I2C), and more.
• Low Power Options: Many PIC microcontrollers are available with low power consumption options, making them suitable for battery-powered applications.
• Varied Pin Counts: They are available in various pin configurations to accommodate different applications, from small 8-pin devices to larger packages with more I/O pins.
• Development Tools: Microchip provides a comprehensive set of development tools, including software development environments, compilers, debuggers, and programmers, which makes it easier for developers to work with PIC microcontrollers.
• Wide Application Range: PIC microcontrollers are used in a wide range of applications, including consumer electronics, automotive systems, industrial automation, home automation, medical devices, and more.
• Variety of Families: The PIC microcontroller family encompasses various subfamilies with different features and capabilities, allowing developers to choose the most suitable microcontroller for their specific application.

PIC16F84A Microcontroller Pinout

Here are the pinout information of PIC16F84A, 

PIC16F84A Microcontroller Specifications and Features

Specifications:

• Architecture: Harvard architecture with a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) design.
• Bit Width: 8-bit, which means it processes data in 8-bit chunks at a time.
• Clock Speed: Typically operates at clock speeds up to 20 MHz.

Memory:

• 1,024 words of flash program memory (reprogrammable).
• 68 bytes of RAM (Random Access Memory).
• I/O Pins: 13 I/O pins that can be configured as digital input or output.

Peripherals:

• Timers: Includes Timer0 for basic timing and delay functions.
• Interrupt System: Supports external and internal interrupts.
• Watchdog Timer: For system reset or periodic reset.
• Master Clear (MCLR): For reset and programming voltage input.

Features:

Simple Instruction Set: The PIC16F84A features a straightforward and easy-to-understand instruction set, making it suitable for beginners and educational purposes.

Reprogrammable Flash Memory: The flash program memory can be reprogrammed, allowing for easy updates and modifications to the code.

I/O Ports: It has two 8-bit bi-directional I/O ports (PORTA and PORTB) that can be configured for various input and output functions.

Clocking Options:

• Crystal Oscillator Mode: Supports external crystal oscillators.
• RC Oscillator Mode: Can operate with an internal RC oscillator.
• Clock Output (CLKOUT): In RC mode, it outputs a clock signal that is a quarter of the frequency of the input clock.
• Power-Saving Modes: The microcontroller can enter a low-power mode when not actively processing, helping to conserve energy.

Low-Voltage Programming: It supports low-voltage programming, making it easier to program and reprogram the device.

Interrupt-on-Change: Several I/O pins support interrupt-on-change, allowing the microcontroller to respond to external events quickly.

Multiple Packaging Options: Available in various package types, including PDIP, SOIC, and SSOP, to suit different applications.

Operating Voltage Range: Typically operates from a voltage supply range of 2.0V to 6.0V.

I/O Weak Pull-ups: PORTB pins can be software programmed to have internal weak pull-ups on all inputs.

Development Tools: Microchip provides a development ecosystem, including MPLAB X IDE and various programming tools, to facilitate software development for the PIC16F84A.

Applications: Commonly used in simple embedded systems, hobbyist projects, robotics, home automation, and industrial control applications.

Cost-Effective: The PIC16F84A is known for its cost-effectiveness, making it a good choice for projects with budget constraints.

PIC16F84A Microcontroller Functions

Timer Function:

The PIC16F84A microcontroller is equipped with an 8-bit timer that can function as both a timer and a counter. It provides the flexibility to select between timer and counter modes. When the T0CS (OPTION_REG<5>) bit is cleared, the timer mode is chosen. In contrast, setting this bit selects the counter mode. In timer mode, it increments with the instruction cycle, while in counter mode, it counts both the rising and falling edges of an external signal.

In-Circuit Serial Programming:

The PIC16F84A is widely employed for in-circuit programming due to its USART (Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) module. This module comprises a transmission pin (Tx) for sending serial data to other devices and a receive pin (Rx) for receiving serial data. This capability facilitates communication and programming while the microcontroller is connected within a circuit.

Watchdog Timer:

The PIC16F84A features a built-in watchdog timer that can be programmed to serve a critical role. This timer acts as a safeguard against program hangs or infinite loops by triggering a reset of the microcontroller. Essentially, the watchdog timer functions as a countdown timer, initially set at 1000, and counts down to zero. It must be periodically reset, typically every 3 instructions, to prevent it from reaching zero under normal operation. This reset prevents the microcontroller from getting stuck in unresponsive states.

Sleep Mode:

The microcontroller includes a power-saving sleep mode that enables the system to enter a low-current power-down state. Exiting the sleep mode can be triggered by various events, such as interrupts, the watchdog timer, or an external reset. The sleep mode conserves power when the device is not actively processing.

Power-On Reset:

The PIC16F84A incorporates a power-on reset feature, which automatically resets the microcontroller when it is powered on. This serves as a safeguard against any glitches or unexpected behavior that might have occurred prior to the power-up sequence. It ensures that the microcontroller starts in a known and stable state, eliminating any prior malfunctions.

PIC16F84A Microcontroller Application

Embedded Control Systems: The PIC16F84A is often used as the central processing unit in various embedded control systems, including:

• Home automation and control systems.
• Appliance control (e.g., microwave ovens, washing machines).
• Temperature and environmental monitoring and control.

Hobbyist Projects: It's a popular choice among hobbyists and electronics enthusiasts for DIY projects, such as:

• LED displays and lighting control.
• Simple robotics and motor control.
• Digital thermometer and weather station projects.

Educational Projects: Due to its straightforward architecture and instruction set, the PIC16F84A is used in educational environments to teach the fundamentals of microcontroller programming and digital electronics.

Security Systems: Basic security systems like access control or simple alarm systems can be implemented using this microcontroller.

Timers and Counters: It can serve as a timer or counter in applications that require precise timing or event counting. For example:

• Interval timers in sports equipment.
• Digital clocks and countdown timers.

Communication Devices: While it lacks advanced communication capabilities, it can still be used for basic serial communication interfaces, such as UART, SPI, or I2C, to interface with other devices.

PIC16F84A Microcontroller Datasheet

Download PIC16F84A microcontroller datasheet here>>

PIC16F84A Microcontroller Manufacturer

The PIC16F84A microcontroller is manufactured by Microchip Technology Inc. Microchip Technology Inc. is a global semiconductor manufacturer headquartered in Chandler, Arizona, USA. It is one of the leading companies in the field of microcontrollers and analog semiconductors. The company was founded in 1987 and has a rich history of providing innovative solutions for the electronics industry. Microchip offers a wide range of products and solutions, including microcontrollers, microprocessors, analog and mixed-signal integrated circuits, memory, and various other components used in embedded systems and electronics design.